California Freeway Uses AI Cameras to Catch Solo Drivers, Recovers $1M in Tolls

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California's 91 Freeway in Riverside County has implemented a new Occupancy Detection System that uses AI-powered cameras to photograph vehicle interiors and identify solo drivers illegally using the HOV lanes. Since August 2025, the system has recovered over $1 million in unpaid tolls and fees from drivers attempting to game the system, including those using mannequins or other decoys to appear as passengers.

Why it matters

The 91 Freeway's new enforcement system highlights the growing use of automated surveillance and computer vision technology to monitor driver behavior and collect revenue. While officials claim privacy protections, the system represents a shift towards constant digital monitoring of commuters, raising concerns about the expansion of such technology to other roadways.

The details

The Occupancy Detection System uses cameras positioned at the end of the 91 Express Lanes to capture multiple photographs of vehicle interiors. AI software then flags potential violations before human reviewers confirm whether drivers have the required number of passengers. Drivers caught violating the HOV rules must pay the full toll plus a $5 'correction fee'. The system has proven effective at identifying creative attempts to fool the old enforcement, such as using hats on headrests, placing items in baby car seats, or using mannequins as passengers.

• The Occupancy Detection System was implemented in August 2025.
• Over $1 million in unpaid tolls and fees have been recovered since the system's implementation.

What they’re saying

What’s next

The success of the 91 Freeway's Occupancy Detection System virtually guarantees the expansion of similar automated enforcement technology to other carpool lanes in California.