Why Human Language Differs From Computer Code

New research explores the cognitive advantages of natural language over digital encoding

Published on Feb. 21, 2026

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Researchers have developed a model explaining why human language is structured the way it is, rather than using a more compressed digital format like computer code. The study found that natural language prioritizes reducing cognitive load over maximizing information efficiency, as the brain processes words in constant interaction with shared knowledge and lived experience.

Why it matters

Understanding the cognitive underpinnings of human language could help improve large language models (LLMs) used in generative AI tools, allowing them to better align with natural communication patterns.

The details

Linguist Michael Hahn and researcher Richard Futrell created a model showing that while a binary digital code could theoretically transmit information more efficiently, human language is structured to be easier for the brain to process. The brain constantly estimates the likelihood of certain words and phrases appearing, relying on familiar patterns that reduce mental effort for both the speaker and listener. In contrast, a purely digital code would feel more taxing, as it would be detached from everyday experience.

  • The research was recently published in Nature Human Behaviour.

The players

Michael Hahn

A linguist based in Saarbrücken who co-authored the study.

Richard Futrell

A researcher at the University of California, Irvine who co-authored the study.

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What they’re saying

“Human language is shaped by the realities of life around us. If, for instance, I was to talk about half a cat paired with half a dog and I referred to this using the abstract term 'gol', nobody would know what I meant, as it's pretty certain that no one has seen a gol -- it simply does not reflect anyone's lived experience.”

— Michael Hahn, Linguist (Mirage News)

“Put simply, it's easier for our brain to take what might seem to be the more complicated route. Although natural language is not maximally compressed, it places far less strain on the brain.”

— Michael Hahn, Linguist (Mirage News)

What’s next

The findings could inform improvements in large language models (LLMs), the systems behind generative AI tools such as ChatGPT or Microsoft's Copilot, by helping researchers design AI systems that align more closely with natural communication patterns.

The takeaway

Human language is structured to reduce cognitive load, prioritizing familiarity and shared knowledge over maximum information efficiency. This reflects how the brain processes language in constant interaction with real-world experience, rather than as a purely digital code.